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- L: similar to the English "l" in the word "leaf", but not like in "bell". Practise saying: Lola, lila.
- M: basically the same as in English. Examples: mamá, mismo.
- N: again, basically identical to the English "n". Examples: nana, nene.
- Ñ: very much like the "ny" in the English word "canyon". Practise saying: España, año.
- O: has a pure, unchangeable sound similar to the "o" in the English word "pot". Examples: oso, poco.
- P: similar to the English "p", but softer. In the middle of a word it’s even softer. Examples: papá, Pepe.
- Q: see the rules for clusters, below.
- R: at the beginning of a word, and after "l", "s" and "n" it has a strong trill. The single "r" between vowels, however, doesn’t trill. It’s somewhat similar to the "dd" sound in the English word "ladder". Practise saying: rosa, pero. For the "rr" sound, see the rules below.
- S: sounds very much like the "ss" in the English word "passage". Examples: sin, soso.
- T: similar to the English "t", but softer. In the middle of a word it’s even softer. Examples: tita, tanto.
- U: has a pure, unchangeable sound similar to the "oo" in the English word "book". Practise saying: futuro, tumulto.
- V: sounds identical to the Spanish "b". Practise saying: veinte, nueve.
- W: is only found in foreign words. Its pronunciation varies, more or less adapting itself to the original. Examples: whisky, waterpolo.
- X: between vowels it sounds like "ks" (although many people pronounce it like “ss”). Before a consonant it sounds like a "ss". Practise saying: examen, extranjero.
- Y: at the end of a word it sounds exactly like the vowel "i". Example: estoy, soy. Otherwise, see the rules for clusters, below.
- Z: in Castilian Spanish it’s pronounced like the "th" in the English word "cloth". In Latin America and the south of Spain it sounds like the Spanish "s" or the English "ss" in "passage". Examples: cerveza, zapato.
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