Here is a comprehensive list of the Spanish pronunciation rules divided into rules for individual letters and rules for clusters of letters. All rules come with examples.

Spanish has a well-defined set of pronunciation rules that indicate how each letter and cluster of letters should be pronounced. Throughout the Spanish-speaking world, there are almost no exceptions to these rules.

Rules for individual letters:

• A: has a pure, unchangeable sound similar to the "a" in the English word "father". Examples: patata, cama.
• B: similar to the English "b", but softer. In the middle of a word it’s even softer. Examples: barba, beber.
• C : see the rules for clusters, below.
• D: similar to the English "d", but softer. In the middle of a word it’s even softer. Examples: dedo, dado.
• E: has a pure, unchangeable sound similar to the "e" in the English word "egg". Practise saying: tener, tele.
• F: is very similar to the English "f": fofo, FIFA.
• G: see the rules for clusters, below.
• H : is a silent letter. There should be no hint of it when you say words like hola, hotel, hasta.
• I : has a pure, unchangeable sound similar to the "i" in the English word "machine". Practise saying: sí, mili.
• J: sounds like a very strong English "h". Examples: Jijona, mejunje.
• K: is pronounced like the English k". Examples: kárate, Kenia.